It is interesting to heat a tennis ball to see how better it can bounce when it hits the ground. The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. All you need to do is roll a ball. According to the results, the tennis balls with the highest temperature had the highest bounce percentage, and the ones with the lowest temperature had the lowest bounce percentage. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. The analysis of all the data proves some of the questions posed. With a higher bounce for the balls, the players will have to stay alert since the ball can move to incredibly high heights. Elongation. The first setup (Figure 1) was used to measure tension vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. Stiffness is the property that measures the result of all these elongation, duration, and relaxation processes. Most balls use valves for air retention. The paper will focus on the some of the types of the serves and the ways in which the upper extremity are involved in the game. By far the cubic fit is the best out of the three regression models analyzed but the R squared values are all well below 0.9 which is what would be needed as a minimum to make the models good predictors for future trials. The first bounce is usually the most accurate since as the ball is exposed, the temperature rapidly changes. Tennis serve is the shot that starts off the point. The p-value remains, as it should at zero, when the regression was plotted in Graph 5, 6 the R squared value showed little improvement, few points are still predicted by the regressed line. If the density and the constant remain the same, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower temperature results in lower pressure. . different types of ball material: rubber (lawn-tennis ball, super ball, soccer ball and squash ball) and plastic (table-tennis ball) at room temperature. It is the other way around for polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the 40 string. Higher temperature allows weak secondary bonds between the polymer chains to break. Tension and temperature drop was then recorded until 100 seconds. This is expected. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. Video footage will also be utilised to measure the bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion. This is because the ball will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it. The normal probability plot of residual graphs 21, 22 both show generally a straight line, when the extremities are neglected. It is the only attempt where a player takes his time to position up, instead of reacting to an opponents shot. I did notice a different in weight. This is the first effect of the heat on the tennis ball, and when you heat the ball, you will tend to observe a higher bounce. First, watch the video. After the ball hits the floor the ball gains motion that is. For the sake of our experiment today, you will need to have a concrete floor or other hard surfaces that will be used to perform the bouncing test. Figure 1 Experimental setup for measuring tension loss vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. This experiment was undertaken to quantify the effect of temperature on string. As such, tension loss is just a partial and often misleading participant in determining string stiffness the most important parameter in string performance. This showed that the non-championship ball was more consistent than the championship ball in the test. Take 2 tennis balls and put them in the slow cooker for 10 mins. First, find a tennis ball with a thermometer right next to it and leave it at room temperature for 20 minutes. Tennis Reviewer is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. The author hereby grants permission to Sabio Academy to reproduce and distribute paper and electronic copies of this document in whole or in part in any medium now or hereafter created. The balls which were placed in a freezer had a bounce percentage of 54.90. And according to the experimenters, tension is, in reality, a determinant of stiffness. My daughter is in the 5th grade and she is doing this experiment. What players feel when hitting in various temperature conditions is the combined effect. Required fields are marked *. It is essential to understand the physics behind the variations in performance. Strings were stretched until they reached a tension of 28 kg (about 62 lb). Sometimes, new balls might give you different results than older balls which means that your experiment will require a new source of data to determine whether you are getting accurate results. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from How 2 Tennis: http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, Harriman, D. (2012, 7 24). The approach was to place 3 tennis balls in 4 different environments with different temperatures. For this reason, the players will have a better experience which is usually caused by the plenty of pressure inside the tennis ball. The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. A quadratic regression was next tried as illustrated in Table 7, 8. While nylon and polyester are less durable than nylon and responsive to unfavorable conditions, they are still more robust than natural gut. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. It is common knowledge that most strings lose a large percentage of tension with time and play. Repeat this this step three times and record all of the results. Borlings, D. (2011). The deltoids and pectorals major are used to flex the shoulder. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Wikipedia. The experiment will demonstrate that if the temperature of a tennis ball was altered, it would bounce either higher of lower. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. Do variations in temperature exposure affect tension loss in these materials differently? Table 9: Ball 1 vs. Figure 12 Closeup of tension loss vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. Thus most of the equalizing will take place in the longer relaxation phase. By using a 1 meter ruler to measure the bounce height in centimeters. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. The temperature of the ball influences its coefficient of restitution. The second apparatus was a materials testing machine (Figure 4). Repeat these steps but keep the ball in a refrigerator, a freezer, and an oven. It is also an ideal learning opportunity that can show us how the effects of temperature cause variations in the bouncing ability of a tennis ball. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in to the core and compressing the gas inside of it. Players often wonder how storing their rackets in the trunk of their car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension and performance. Only string number 7 does not fit the pattern of stiffness being inversely related to temperature. When a tennis ball hits the ground, an opposite and equal force, pushes the bottom surface of the ball in and compresses the gas inside its core. The experiment had four different temperature 12 , 51 , 75 , 111 . Does it matter when the string is exposed to a temperature extreme before, during, or after tensioning? Do not forget to note the temperature of each ball before bouncing it off the ground to ensure that you get the best kind of results. This reordering occurs during both the stretching and post-stretching phases. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. They were first used by the French monks in the game known asJeu de Paume. (Borlings, 2011)These balls were often packed with sawdust wrapped in leather. Signature: ___________________________________________________. (Sheehan, 2011)Its just like a trampoline: When one jumps on a trampoline, the material one the trampoline expands and stretches, and when it does, the trampoline is forced to come back up to its original state, causing one to bounce on the trampoline. Analysis The heated tennis balls bounced the highest because as the temperature rose, the molecules expanded and exerted more pressure when the ball bounced The experiment illustrated the perfect gas law, because it showed that when the temperature rose, so did the pressure The data for each set of tennis balls had a range of 15 . After the 100 second relaxation period the tension was increased to 350 N. Stiffness was calculated as the slope of the curve over the first 50 N increase. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. A good source of heat that can heat things evenly. (Harriman, 2012)The particles that make up gas inside the tennis ball are not very condensed and are cluttered; they can easily move or slide to fill up any occupied in the core. Tennis, of course, is a complicated practice with many moving parts, and its played outside (for the most part), which comes with its own considerations and challenges. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses up against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in and compressing the gas inside its core. Then, drop the ball from a height of one meter. This is longer than the 5-8 ms ball bounce from a solid surface or racquet. Hi I am Andrew. Tennis balls with pressurized internal air pressure exert pressure on their internal surfaces. A residual analysis was next completed for the liner regression. Figure 10 Closeup of elongation vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. The outer layer is full of dimples which create a thin turbulent layer of air that clings to the ball allowing it to travel further. Hi my name is Charly i was doing this project and i did`n know how to do this. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. 1b Heat after tensioning and stabilization. Two different types of balls, Penn Championship and Non-Championship will be compared. This is not the expected result. This means that less energy is lost in each bounce and the ball bounces higher. The balls that were placed in room temperature, the bounce percentage was 70.10. As such, there tends to be a massive variation of temperature. Today there is said to be 25,000,000 bocce ball players in the United States. . Now the equilibrium between the tension and the bonds is broken. (Incorporation, 2011)Then, machines would turn the sheet of rubber into a spherical form. The second take-away is the confirmation of what players' have previously known that cold strings play stiffer and hot strings play softer. Here is the table for this graph showing the actual height in which the ball bounced. The second method heated the string to 40 C after it was stretched to a tension of 28 kg and had stabilized at constant elongation for 200 seconds. The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. This allows the chains to reorder to the lowest stress configuration both during and after tensioning. The most striking result is how much tension is lost during the 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature. Standing on the strong chair will have a better height to drop the balls from, which means that the results will be more accurate. The data from this experiment will show their differences. cuz in my experiment i got some mixed up results. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. The bladder inside the ball is what holds the air. The green represents the felt on the ball, and the black represents the hollow core. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. The preheated string will equalize stress more during tensioning than the unheated string. This is due, in large part, to their construction. During a game of tennis, most players rely on the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score. (Incorporation, 2011)In the late 1920s, tennis balls became pressurized. Gather 15 to 20 tennis balls and a measuring tape. In other words, it would take more loosening of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of springiness. The ball will depress and rebound off the strings less efficiently in cold weather; therefore, it takes the strings being looser to achieve the same level of elasticity that would typically be possible at warmer temperatures. Repeat the step for each of the temperatures you measured the balls and note down the mean. Likewise, will a tennis racquet perform differently at different temperatures, or will the stringbed stiffness be affected if the racquet is strung at different temperatures? It is normally instigated by pitching the ball into the air and thumping it into the diagonally opposite service box exclusive of touching the net. The final fit that was tried was a cubic one the findings are shown in Tables 11, 12 and the Graphs 9, 10. Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. That means theres more water in the air, causing it to be and feel denser. Top "The Effect of Temperature on a Bouncing Ball." The Effect of Temperature on a Bouncing Ball. But because stress relaxation occurs at varying rates both before and after achievement of target tension, the magnitude of tension loss during the relaxation period (i.e., after the racquet has been strung) does not necessarily correlate to the total relaxation that has occurred nor to the final stiffness of the string. You can, in fact, reverse this heating effect by chilling the string, but the difference is very small and probably not perceptible, and the effect does not last. This increased energy and movement results in a higher bounce. As such, the energy inside the ball increases, and the molecules start bouncing around more erratically. These acquired values show that the line is a good predictor of future points and where they will fall. Repeat for each of the hot and cold balls and record the readings for each ball. The conclusion for the two different ball types will show which is in fact is a better ball in each of the different situations. When looking at bounce ball height, keep your head in the same place to avoid problems with parallax. As we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the stretch, as as such, will affect the tension loss and stiffness. co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. If you are looking to add a bit of friendly sabotage to your tennis opponents game, consider popping a few of his tennis balls in the freezer beforehand. Tennis balls are best kept at 68 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius for optimum pressure and bounce; at these temperatures, the balls can retain their optimal pressure and bounce. Purpose The purpose of this project is to determine how tennis balls are affected by different temperature conditions. Players will be able to use the conclusions in many ways. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, Incorporation, I. Setup #2 Stiffness, Elongation, and Tension vs Temperature. As an experiment, you can try to heat a tennis ball and see how well it will bounce. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. During fast volley bouts your muscles often react. The hypothesis was: If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. An experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss and maintenance of tennis strings. Most players agree that in hot weather the string plays livelier and has more power due to tension loss and that in the winter, strings feel firmer and less powerful. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. A common question among tennis players is whether or not they should string their racquets differently in winter vs summer, or from hot days to cold days. 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