They have two grown children. Yesteryears: For survivors, Battle of the Ia Drang Valley changed everything. His friends completed the tree for him and dedicated it to Sergeant China Joe Nye. He is married and the father of two children. Since completing her degrees, she has decided to take a step back from academia to focus her career on writing and sharing history in a more accessible way. He was chief of security at a hospital in Columbus, Georgia, until his death on April 18, 1992. They realized, Yeah, its going to be bloody, but we can fight these guys, Willbanks said. On November 14, 1965, 450 American soldiers of the 1st Air Cavalry Division were airlifted by helicopter to this valley with the intention of locating and eliminating North Vietnamese forces. Don Cornett had a wife and a son, a mother and a father and two sisters. The Ia Drang Valley is a map featured in Battlefield Vietnam. He was discharged a sergeant, completed his college education, and is now an on-air national news correspondent for ABC Televisions Weekend News. He joined IBM as a salesman in Austin, Texas, and spent twenty years with them, rising to the post of Midwestern regional manager. USA, Fort Benning, FESMIRE, John A. He did not know at the time that his friend, Don Cornett, had died. Charlies foot was pinned in the wrecked cockpit when the white phosphorus target-marking rockets under the wings cooked off. After leaving the Army, Braveboy worked as a roofer. Read More Landing Zone Xray Lead elements of the under strength 450 man 1st Bn, 7th Cavalry air assault into a small clearing in scrub jungle below the 2300 foot Chu Pong Massif. Contrary to popular belief, the Battle of Ia Drang started and ended after the famous landings at LZ X-Ray and LZ Albany. George found solace in hiking the Maine woods, shooting nothing more deadly than a 35mm camera. Battalion Commander Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore and his men continued on, receiving support from artillery units and air strikes, helping the American troops hold themselves against the enemy. . In the spring of 1992, Frank Henry was posthumously inducted into the Army Aviation Hall of Fame. A battalion of the U.S. 1st Air Cavalry Division was ambushed while marching from the jungle clearing where the Ia Drang Valley fighting started on November 14, 1965. In his spare time Wal-lenius draws, paints, and does etchings and prints, sometimes of Vietnam War scenes. After three days of fighting, 240 Americans had been killed and another 300 wounded (more troops were brought in in support). I felt a flash of panic. Lt. Col. Hal Moores 1stBattalion, 7thCalvary wasordered to take on an air assaultin the Ia Drang Valley. Today he is a city bus driver in Houston, Texas. After years of advising the South Vietnamese against the communist North, and months of chasing black-clad guerrillas, a large formation of American troops faced well-trained, well-equipped regulars of the Peoples Army of Vietnam. He retired a lieutenant colonel in 1980 with twenty years service, and is now a plastics-plant manager. In the prologue, Galloway wrote: "This, then, is our testament and our tribute to 234 Americans who died beside us in Landing Zone X-Ray and Landing Zone Albany in the Valley of Death, 1965." I think McNamara knew, deep down; I think Johnson knew, Wiest said. He holds two masters degrees, is employed in the defense industry, and lives in Alexandria, Virginia. He and his wife, Billie, have a son in college and a daughter still at home. Through good fortune, the enemy's ignorance of their predicament, Specialist Lose's first-aid knowledge . Freeman won a battlefield commission in the Korean War. It was a battle between one US division and three NVA regiments. Hal Moore and the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment fought at the former for three days, beginning on November 14. One killed, 15 injured after clashes erupt at Afghan border again December 16, 2022. Death in the Ia Drang Valley, November 13-18, 1965 By Private 1st Class Jack P. Smith The 1st Battalion had been fighting continuously for three or four days, and I had never seen such filthy troops. There were no further attacks overnight. RACKSTRAW, Jim, forty-nine, recon-platoon leader, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry at X-Ray, served a second tour in Vietnam as a rifle-company commander in the 25th Infantry Division. I marked off 65 names and thats when it really hit me what had happened and it just overwhelmed me. TOWLES, Robert, forty-seven, rifleman, Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry, spent five months in Valley Forge General Hospital in Pennsylvania, recovering from twenty-eight shrapnel wounds he received at LZ Albany. He wanted to ensure the memories of those who died live on, in particular that of his best friend, Lt. Don Cornett. Rozanski returned to the Ia Drang five times on various intelligence missions and described the place as a cemetery. He was retired, disabled, as a major in the mid-1970s. Although it was left out of We Were Soldiers, Albany was no less bloody than X-Ray. His old company commander, John Herren, and all the survivors of the Lost Platoon believe that Charles Lose should have been awarded the Medal of Honor that they recommended for him. Moore lectures at military academies and at several colleges and universities. Lacking confidence in the South Vietnamese, Gen. William C. Westmoreland ordered the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division, which had been in country about a month, to pursue the enemy, using newly minted airmobile tactics. Charlie Company held their position, exemplifying extraordinary heroism and courage. He spent thirty-two months in the hospital recovering from the wounds he suffered in LZ X-Ray. We saved so many more people because of that helicopter.. Married and the father of three children, Winter works for the Long Island Railroad and lives in Howard Beach, Queens, New York. ADAMS, Russell, fifty-one, machine gunner, Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cav in the Ia Drang, helps run the family dairy farm on five hundred acres outside Shoemakersville, Pennsylvania. His last project on active duty was researching and writing a history of the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment during the Korean War. This allowed troops to be quickly brought in and out for battle. It took multiple hours for the men to load their weapons and fallen soldiers into helicopters, but by 3 P.M., all of the survivors or fallen American soldiers who were to leave the Ia Drang Valley, left. On November 27, 1968, Lieutenant Colonel Bartholomew was killed in action. The Ia Drang Scholarship Fund was founded in 1994 by LTG (Ret) Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway from earnings on their book We Were Soldiers Once-And Young. They had this Learning to be a Teacher program; I tried it and loved it. Theres a lot of pain but at least I lived. Jeanette says: When I was in the hospital in 1966, I was down in the doldrums, feeling sorry, and they tried to nudge me out of that. I ask that question every day. Together, we can make sure our heroes will get the reverence they deserve and the stories and sacrifices of our heroes will never be forgotten. The North Vietnamese regulars, young men who had been drafted into the military much as the young American men had been, had paid a much higher price to test the newcomers to an old fight: an estimated 3,561 of them had been killed, and thousands more wounded, in the 34-day Ia Drang campaign. TANNER, Ray, forty-nine, radio operator, Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, returned home to South Carolina in April 1966 and went to work for a utility company in Charleston. WALLENIUS, Jon, forty-nine, mortar observer, Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry in LZ X-Ray and LZ Albany, got out of the Army in August 1966. RESCORLA, Cyril R. (Rick), fifty-three, platoon leader, Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry in the Ia Drang, completed a full tour with Bravo Company in Vietnam and did another year teaching at Officer Candidate School in the States. The North Vietnamese enjoyed numerical superiority in the valley. Of Mrs. Mapsons five brothers, three served in the Army, one made a career in the Air Force, and one is a lawyer. Luckily for him, not a single shot he received hit any vital organs. LAVENDER, David A. It wasn't until about two weeks later, as he read Stars and Stripes, that it hit him what he had survived. At the end of a year only fifteen of the original contingent were still there, Gwin included. The bullet was still in there. At approximately noon,the North Vietnamese 33rd Regiment attacked. KEETON, James, fifty-nine, battalion aid station medic, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, served a second tour in Vietnam with an adviser group. MARUHNICH, John, sixty-two, mortar sergeant, Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry in LZ X-Ray, retired a sergeant first class in 1974 with twenty-four years service. MCDADE, Robert, seventy, who commanded the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry in the Ia Drang, retired a colonel in 1975. He retired in 1990. He retired a colonel in 1983. FREEMAN, Ed (Too Tall to Fly), sixty-five, Bruce Crandalls wingman, retired a major in 1967 after twenty-one years Army service. The fighting continued for three hours. The Battle of the Ia Drang Valley would be the Vietnam War's first major set-piece battle with the PAVN, the first major US heliborne assault on an NVA position, and the first engagement to employ B-52 airstrikes on enemy ground forces in battle. Still on active duty, he is a major general, and is deputy to the Army inspector-general. Theres certainly politics involved in it, but I do think these guys, as mythological as it turned out to be, were true Cold War believers. He served as city manager of Dunsmuir, California, from 1977 to 1980, when he moved to Mesa, Arizona, where he is the citys manager of public works. Since I cant have that, I would like a job working as closely with the Army as possible. He is married and the father of four children. The largely [North Vietnamese Army] units we ran into, they were interested in staying and fighting.. Tully retired a colonel in 1976. Learn more about featured topics of the Vietnam War and Vietnam Era. Pujals recently closed his law practice. This is the tale of the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley in Vietnam in 1965. He is married and has four children. He lives in Washington, D.C. SPIRES, James W., operations officer, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry in the Ia Drang, retired a lieutenant colonel in 1976 and owns and operates his own industrial representational firm. Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. He was presented with the Medal of Honor on December 19, 1966, and three years later volunteered for a second tour of duty in Vietnam. He retired from the battlefield only after all possible service had been rendered to the infantry battalion. Moore, who says he graduated from West Point by the skin of my teeth, was the first Army officer of his class (1945) to achieve one-, two-, and three-star rank. The single, bloodiest day in the Vietnam War. He says he did a lot of praying during the Persian Gulf War, when his son, his brother, and his old friend Galloway were all on the battlefield. Crandall kept his helicopter on the ground in the line of enemy fire, so that four wounded soldiers could be loaded aboard. He left active duty in 1967, but continued in the Army Reserves until his retirement in 1990 as a colonel. LOMBARDO, Riccardo, sixty-one, Huey pilot in X-Ray and Albany and Pop Jekels good buddy, was retired on one hundred percent disability after a serious back injury in 1967, when he was thirty-six. Linda Carole Mustion has not added any memorials to this virtual cemetery. He lives on a farm near Rainier, Washington, and has been writing down his memories of Vietnam duty for his children and grandchildren. On 27 October Westmoreland committed a brigade of the 1st Air Cavalry to search-and-destroy operations. 3 /5. It is republished unedited in its original form. A miserly, ungrateful Veterans Administration ruled that Shadden was only thirty percent disabled. The battle of Ia Drang was an engagement of the Vietnam War. Some of them had blood on their faces from scratches and from other guys' wounds. RIDDLE, Bill, fifty-two, artillery forward observer with Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, completed his Army service in the summer of 1966. Three U.S. soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery during the battle. The Battle of Ia Drang was fought November 14-18, 1965, during the Vietnam War (1955-1975) and was the first major engagement between the US Army and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). He and his wife, Louise, live in San Antonio, Texas, and Brown plays a round of golf most days. They died hot, hungry and exhausted. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency: Ia Drang Valley Incident. The battalion commander had ordered his command helicopter to land and check out a North Vietnamese soldier killed by the door gunner. He tried to crawl away and was shot again in the hip. The column was strung out about 550 yards in the open with dense vegetation to their right. A Chicago native, Doc Carrara returned home, changed his specialty to pathology. Alley is general manager of a box factory in Dayton, Tennessee. He teaches physical and earth sciences at Venice High School, Los Angeles, California. From the lack of training and understanding of the situation to the haphazard way they conducted their movement and their halt. I've also included soldiers who survived and died later and the wife of the commander of the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, Julia Moore for her role in supporting the grieving widows of the men slain. He was judged seventy percent disabled due to wounds suffered in LZ X-Ray. A bitter conclusion to the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley came soon afterward, when Gen. Westmoreland told the 2nd Battalion survivors that they had achieved "a great victory over the Communists from the North." Pronunciation of Ia Drang with 6 audio pronunciations. Lt. Don Cornett along with 154 Troopers from 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment were killed in the Ia Drang Valley, Nov. 17, 1965, at a small clearing known as Landing Zone Albany. He died less than 100 yards from where his best friend lay wounded. In Hanoi, the North Vietnamese leadership was prepared for huge losses. After they were airlifted out of the combat zone, McDades men were joined by the 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment. Spc. Please reset your password. He and his wife have two college-age children. Moore and his 450-man 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, flew into Landing Zone X-Ray at the base of the Chu Pong Mountain west of Plei Me and miles from the Cambodian border. He and his wife, Elizabeth, live in Roswell, New Mexico, where they run an antiques shop. George Nye was a sparkplug of Operation Welcome Home, which brought veterans groups, brass bands, and Bangor townsfolk to the airport by the hundreds to hug and shake hands with the Desert Storm veterans. It wasnt until Albany was back in American hands that the engagement officially drew to a close. He works at Fort Benning, Georgia, evaluating Army Reserve training. Next, he was shot in the chest; as he moved around, he was shot again in the leg. Things were quiet, but in the morning, the North Vietnamese attacked. After Vietnam, Hazen maintained a correspondence with the mother of the young lieutenant who died in his arms. In Vietnam, it never got any worse than it did in the Ia Drang, a distant valley in the Central Highlands, tangled in elephant grass and simmering in heat. Lawrence dropped to the ground to take cover in the tall elephant grass and began to return fire like any other rifleman. In the same way, the story of his experiences at LZ Albany is a story that could be told by the nearly 400 Troopers of 2/7 Cav who fought and died at LZ Albany, or the 1/7 Cav Troopers at LZ X-ray or the more than 2.6 million US personnel who served in Vietnam. LOSE, Charles R., the medic of the Lost Platoon, Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, has dropped out of sight. Absent was an effective plan for winning over the civilian population caught in the crossfire, said James Willbanks, a Vietnam veteran who is the director of the Department of Military History at U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Rescorla kept the battered French Army bugle he captured on the field at Albany; in 1991 he turned it over to the Ia Drang Alumni for use in memorial ceremonies. ROBINSON, Edward Charles, fifty-five, Huey pilot at LZ X-Ray, served a second combat tour in Vietnam. He died . 5 cemeteries found in will be saved to your photo volunteer list. (Joe), fifty, platoon leader, Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry and the only man to receive the Medal of Honor, Americas highest decoration for valor, in the Ia Drang campaign, is a colonel and still on active duty after twenty-eight years. They have four children and five grandchildren. Although he was a civilian, Galloway was awarded the Bronze Star medal for helping to rescue wounded soldiers during the battle. In four days and nights of fighting. In the end, 79 Americans had been killed, and 121 men were wounded. The assault at LZ X-Ray began before noon on 14 November. Five years ago he attended a reunion of Alpha Company veterans of LZ Albany. 1965 was the year America took the gloves off in Vietnam, moving from advising and assisting the South Vietnamese military to an active combat role. The remainder of the 2nd was left waiting in a communication blackout. He would recover after some physical therapy and return to duty in 1966 to finish his tour. CARRARA, Robert J., fifty-four, battalion surgeon of the 1st Battalion, 7th Cav in LZ X-Ray, served eleven months in Vietnam and was discharged in July 1966. PLUMLEY, Basil, seventy-two, the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalrys sergeant major, retired from the Army as a command sergeant major on December 31, 1974, after thirty-two years, six months, and four days on active duty, and a second tour in Vietnam with the U.S. Alpha Company arrived in Vietnam with 146 officers and men. He checked in with the nearest Veterans Administration hospital; they sent him home, telling him they would call him back for an operation to place a plate over the hole. Thanks for your help! Box 159 Our town is only ten thousand people and we lost eleven young men from here killed in Vietnam, says Purp. Too Tall Ed retired from that job on January 3, 1991. Feb 25, 2017. The real life Battle of Ia Drang took place between November 14-19, 1965. PUJALS, Enrique, fifty, platoon leader, Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry in the Ia Drang, woke up on an X-ray table first, then on a C-141 ambulance plane, and finally in Ward One at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C. The other 58,000 names on that wall are men and women who also had a spouse, or children, they had mothers and fathers, brothers and sisters. By the end of the first day, the 1st BN, 7th Cavalry was reduced to approximately 340 men. Sign up to receive a daily email of today's top military news stories from Stars and Stripes and top news outlets Another 71 Americans had been killed in earlier, smaller skirmishes that led up to the Ia Drang battles. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. Many did a second tour and others left the service and returned home to their families. Jeanette spent the better part of a year in a military hospital while his shattered leg was repaired. They are stories that not only serve to maintain our connection with history, but also educate us and force us to confront the good and the bad and learn from it. He left the Army in October 1966, and went home to his native Ohio, where he works as a carpenter. God rest you, George. Shortly thereafter, US units began . Today he is an orchestra leader and serves in the state militia. I thought to myself. But the battle's true toll would prove to be the hubris it bred in U.S. commanders. He was forty-five. He and his wife, Arlene, have three sonsa banker in Sao Paulo, Brazil; a lawyer in Connecticut; and a divinity student in college. Moore considered the outcome a draw. "The main point that I try to get across when I speak to Soldiers, and this is what saved me, is the training," he said. They and their buddies fought off hundreds of North Vietnamese with the help of artillery. The Ia Drang Valley is a valley located near Pleiku in Central Highlands of Vietnam. The Troopers of 2/7 Cav relieved their sister unit, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, on Nov. 16, following 1/7 Cav's three day battle with the People's Army of Vietnam near the base of the Chu Pong Massif. Why I wasn't killed, I couldn't say.". He and Russell Adams are still best friends. Sandpoint, ID 83864 He co-authored the book We Were Soldiers Once And Young with Hal Moore. He and his wife, Theresa, and their six-year-old daughter, Megan, live in Glen Allen, Virginia. SHUCART, William, M.D., surgeon, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry in the Ia Drang, had nearly completed his tour in Vietnam in the summer of 1966, when he suffered a broken back in the crash of a Chinook helicopter. Moore commanded the 7th Infantry Division in Korea, was commanding general at Fort Ord, California, and then was the Armys deputy Chief of Staff for personnel. In January 1968, over the Bong Son plain, Crandalls Huey was blown out of the sky by an air strike while flying a nap-of-the-earth search for a downed helicopter. "I realized it when Sgt. Muscogee County, Knowles has served in the New Mexico legislature since 1982. The men were still in an administrative maneuver, so when the word to halt came they plopped down where they were. 5 memorials LTC Roger Jay Bartholomew 2 Nov 1932 - 27 Nov 1968 Westlawn-Hillcrest Memorial Park He earned a doctorate in history and now lives in San Antonio, where he works in the public-affairs office at Wilford Hall Air Force Medical Center. Major Bruce Crandalls UH-1D helicopter climbs skyward after discharging a load of infantrymen on a search and destroy mission in Ia Drang. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. "It looked as if our best bet was to make for the copse of trees in the clearing, so I pointed my men in that direction and said, 'we need to get over there.'". They have a son, who is in college, and a daughter, still in high school. GEOGHEGAN, Camille, twenty-seven, daughter of Lieutenant John Lance (Jack) Geoghegan, Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cav, killed in action November 15, 1965, is a human resources specialist at a company in McLean, Virginia. WHITESIDE, Jerry E., fifty-five, fire-support coordinator in LZ X-Ray, served a second tour in Vietnam as an adviser. He is president of his own management-consulting firm and lives in Oklahoma City. The U.S. unit was moving through the jungle in a long column when the 8th battalion of the North Vietnamese 66th Regiment sprang in to a massive ambush. EDWARDS, Robert, fifty-four, commander of Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cav, served a second tour in Vietnam as an adviser. Initially, Lawrence's thoughts and feelings after he was safe were just moments captured in his mind. Her daughter, Camille, was soon joined by a brother, Robert, and a sister, Barbara. His last known address was Miami, Florida. Galen Bungum, 72, was a soldier in the Vietnam War and fought in the first major battle of the war, the battle of Ia Drang, on November 14, 1965. The ending of We Were Soldiers comes once Hal Moore makes the decision to call in Broken Arrow, a request for all available combat aircraft to attack enemy positions. I have it here with me today. He lives with his wife and family in Steelville. Then he somehow managed to crawl away, saying that he was going to organize the troops. It is based on the Battle for Landing Zone X-Ray, part of the Battle of Ia Drang, the first major battle of the Vietnam War. It was the first major battle of the Vietnam War, and Lawrence and . Army Specialist Four (SP4) Bill Beck was an assistant machine gunner assigned to the 1 st Battalion, 7 th Cavalry Regiment (1/7 Cav), 1 st Cavalry Division on November 14, 1965, when the unit airlifted into Landing Zone (LZ) X-Ray in the Ia Drang Valley in Vietnam. The Battle of Ia Drang was the first major engagement during the Vietnam War, between members of the U.S. Army and the Peoples Army of North Vietnam. But UPI sent him back to Vietnam in 1971, in 1973, and again in 1975 for the final chapter. That all would change when the First Cavalry Air Mobile Division flew into the Ia Drang Valley in the central highlands of South Vietnam. In the first major engagement of the war between regular U.S. and North Vietnamese forces, elements of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) fight a pitched battle with Communist main . Shucart says, It was interesting; they just figured I was another grunt and I didnt tell them different. James Lawrence, a 77 year-old Vietnam veteran from Alabama, tells people about his best friend and the battle he died in whenever he gets the chance. Difficult. Ernie had gone back to his native Chicago and drove a truck for the city. He worked as a sales executive in the corrugated-box industry and went to school nights to earn his MBA. (Tony), fifty-six, commander of Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, later earned a masters degree in psychology and taught at West Point and at the Army War College. For the Ia Drang Valley survivors, October 10, 2012 will be a day they will remember for the rest of their days. HAZEN, Robert D., fifty, Lieutenant Bob Tafts radio operator in Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cav, retired from the Army a master sergeant in 1988 after twenty-seven years service. He assumed that like the French, the Americans would tire of seeing their young men coming home in body bags. On the second day, North Vietnamese forces launched a heavy attack including hand-to-hand combat. copyright 2023 He now manages the quartermaster laundry at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and lives in Clarksville, Tennessee. They were unaware that two battalions of fresh PAVN soldiers had been camped out along the Ia Drang River on the other side of the landing zone. Although the fighting had ended, the Battle of Ia Drang didnt officially conclude until the next day, as it took two days to collect the bodies. BARKER, Robert L., fifty-five, artillery-battery commander in LZ Falcon, served a second tour in Vietnam with the 1st Cavalry Division in 1969-1970 and later served a third combat tour. Westmoreland, a veteran of World War II in Europe, declared Ia Drang a victory because the North Vietnamese were driven from the field after suffering major casualties. He retired in August 1990, and now lives in Peekskill, New York. SHADDEN, James Haskell, fifty, mortarman, Delta Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry, survived half a dozen operations and one year in Army hospitals recovering from the wounds received at LZ Albany. UH-1 aircraft of the 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion carry wounded 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry soldiers away during the fight for LZ X-Ray in the Ia Drang Valley of Vietnam. The first major American direct fire conflict took place in November of 1965 in the Ia Drang Valley. The conflict is divided into two engagements: the Battle at Landing Zone (LZ) X-Ray and. The following is a partial accounting, prepared in 1992, of where some of them are and what they have done with their lives: ADAMS, Russell, fifty-one, machine gunner, Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Cav in the Ia Drang, helps run the family dairy farm on five hundred acres outside Shoemakersville, Pennsylvania. By whatever measure, the chaotic, bloody Battle of the Ia Drang Valley set the tone for the rest of war. 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