For additional information about Arnold's amazing career as a Continental officer, consult James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997). What does it mean to call someone a Benedict Arnold? When in February 1777 Congress created five new major generalships, Arnold was passed over in favour of his juniors. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. Clinton refused this suggestion; after a military tribunal, Andr was hanged at Tappan, New York, on October 2. By Joyce Lee Malcolm. John Andr was executed for spying. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. After trying and failing to hand the fort at West Point over to the British, he joined the Royal Army and took . [22] In a strange twist of fate, "the second most hated British . [88], On August 30, Arnold sent a letter accepting Clinton's terms and proposing a meeting to Andr through yet another intermediary: William Heron, a member of the Connecticut Assembly whom he thought he could trust. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. He was on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that his wife had died earlier in June. Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. [26], On February 22, 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven and a fellow member in the local Masonic Lodge. Answer (1 of 2): In the United States, Benedict Arnold has the dubious distinction of being one of the primary figures responsible for the Revolutionary War's losing cause. What happened to Benedict Arnold after he betrayed the Continental Army to the British? By. 5. Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. Arnold immediately hastened to the shore and ordered bargemen to row him downriver to where HMS Vulture was anchored, fleeing on it to New York City. [123], In January 1801, Arnold's health began to decline. 3 January 1740][1][a] June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. [62], Arnold had been badly wounded twice in battle and had lost his business in Connecticut, which made him profoundly bitter. From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? Shutterstock Though one might guess that the dish was named for Benedict Arnold, the most famous traitor of the American Revolution, it was not. 10 interesting facts about st benedict. "Whom Can We Trust Now? He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. [37] He also had disagreements with John Brown and James Easton, two lower-level officers with political connections that resulted in ongoing suggestions of improprieties on his part. [103], Washington remained calm when he was presented with evidence of Arnold's treason. January 14, 1741, in Norwich Connecticut. It is what happened after 1775 that began to wear him down and bring on his disillusionment. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For a time, he was a successful businessman, but after yellow fever took the lives of three of the Arnold children, the patriarch was devastated. The prisoner seemed suprised to see the gallows, but walked calmy toward it. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. She couldand did. This monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut in the 55th year of the Independence of the U.S.A. in memory of the brave patriots massacred at Fort Griswold near this spot on the 6th of Sept. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. 4. Though Trump has checked off the betray the USA box quite well. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. [121], In July 1792, Arnold fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. Benedict died of natural causes, maybe a fever. [79], Shortly after Washington's rebuke, a Congressional inquiry into Arnold's expenditures concluded that he had failed to account fully for his expenditures incurred during the Quebec invasion, and that he owed the Congress some 1,000,[b] largely because he was unable to document them. Benedict Arnold Arnold died in London at the age of 60. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut and named after his His mother was Hannah Waterman King, a rich widow. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . Corrections? Arnold became a shrewd and prosperous trader in New Haven while also joining the local militia in 1774 and being named its captain soon thereafter. [19][20] The captain was wounded in the first exchange of gunfire, and he apologized when Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second. [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. 3. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. On May 9, Franklin introduced Stansbury to Major Andr, who had just been named the British spy chief. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences. The band played a funeral march. [145], There are plaques on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, commemorating all of the generals who served in the Revolution. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. Arnold commanded the army only until May 20, when Lord Cornwallis arrived with the southern army and took over. [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . He later said in his own defense that he was loyal to his true beliefs, yet he lied at the same time by insisting that Peggy was totally innocent and ignorant of his plans. On June 16, Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business, and he sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel. Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". The America. He also faced financial ruin, falling 16,000[b] in debt with creditors spreading rumors of his insolvency, to the point where he took legal action against them. Arnold's childhood was marred by tragedy; by age 20, he was an orphan struggling to make his way in the world as an apothecary. He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold who was once governor of the colony of Connecticut. He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. AD 1781, when the British, under the command of the Traitor Benedict Arnold, burnt the towns of New London and Groton and spread desolation and woe throughout the region. He claimed that Arnold was guilty of all kinds of treasonous acts and preferred the company of the British loyalists, all without offering any proof. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. He is also believed to have built the first U.S. telescope. The first man was a British major named John Andre. Stansbury's testimony before a British commission erroneously placed his meeting with Arnold in June. The house where Arnold lived at 62 Gloucester Place in central London bears a plaque describing him as an "American Patriot". On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. [142] His descendants are spread across Canada, most of all those of John Sage, who adopted the Arnold surname. Some historians suggested an Arnold liaison in New Brunswick, but Canadian historian Barry Wilson noted the weakness of this traditional account. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. Congress restored Arnold's command seniority in response to his valor at Saratoga. Washington refused his offer to resign, and wrote to members of Congress in an attempt to correct this, noting that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost if they persisted in making politically motivated promotions. [113] Other attempts all failed to gain positions within the government or the British East India Company over the next few years, and he was forced to subsist on the reduced pay of non-wartime service. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. His ventures met with mixed success. [106] This activity brought out Virginia's militia led by Colonel Sampson Mathews, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to be reinforced or to evacuate. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. [75], Arnold's court martial on charges of profiteering began meeting on June 1, 1779, but it was delayed until December 1779 by Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York, throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. [128], Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. Arnold had the power to act, to defy the stresses of business and the dangers of the battlefield; but Peggy had the power to endure. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. In 1780, when "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" episode takes place, Rittenhouse in real life was treasurer of Pennsylvania. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. From there, he was ordered to Vermont where he met with Ethan Allen. The second was Benedict Arnold. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. The French had besieged Fort William Henry in northeastern New York, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. [18] On one of his voyages, he fought a duel in Honduras with a British sea captain who had called him a "damned Yankee, destitute of good manners or those of a gentleman". Many historians see her as having facilitated Arnold's plans to switch sides; he opened secret negotiations with her friend Andr, and she relayed their messages to each other. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. He was also convicted of two minor charges of using his authority to make a profit. [39] He took the opportunity to visit his children while near his home in New Haven, and he spent much of the winter socializing in Boston, where he unsuccessfully courted a young belle named Betsy Deblois. In an ironic twist, Heron went into New York unaware of the significance of the letter and offered his own services to the British as a spy. His performance in the Battle of Ridgefield in Connecticut prompted his promotion to major general. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Shy, John. [136], Fictional invocations of Benedict Arnold's name carry strongly negative overtones. His scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed in September 1780 when revolution militia captured Andr carrying papers which revealed the plot. Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions", and Alexander Scammell described his actions as "black as hell". "[108] Cornwallis ignored Arnold's advice to locate a permanent base away from the coast, advice that might have averted his surrender at Yorktown. But despite all the financial and political reasons he had for his betrayal, it's possible it was actually about love. [117] After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. Washington refused his resignation and ordered him north to assist with the defense there. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. He led a force of more than 1,700 men which burned most of New London to the ground on September 4, causing damage estimated at $500,000. [113] George Johnstone turned him down for a position in the East India Company and explained: "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. [25] On the night of January 28, 1767, he and members of his crew roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. It just doesn't respect it", "Letter, Benedict Arnold to George Washington pleading for mercy for his wife", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath of Treason", "Saratoga National Historical Park Activities", "Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7", links to primary sources about Benedict Arnold before and after his treason, Arnold, Benedict (17411801), army officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Arnold&oldid=1139478021, 18th-century American non-fiction writers, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, British people of the French Revolutionary Wars, British spies during the American Revolution, Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut, Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution, Continental Army officers from Connecticut, Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed, Military personnel from Norwich, Connecticut, People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with broken links to citations, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Benedict Arnold (17681795) (Captain, British Army in Jamaica), Henry Arnold (17721826) (Lieutenant, American Legion cavalry), Edward Shippen Arnold (17801813) (Lieutenant, British Army in India; see, James Robertson Arnold (17811854) (Lieutenant General, Royal Engineers), George Arnold (17871828) (Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd (or 7th) Bengal Cavalry). Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. Therefore, the answer to your question is no, we do not commemorate Benedict Arnold. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. During the Revolutionary War, West Point was known as Fort Arnold, but after Benedict Arnold's betrayal, it became known as Fort Clinton. Donald Trump has taken over from Benedict Arnold as "America's number one traitor," according to a group of veterans seeking to vote the president out of office this November. [43], Arnold arrived in Schuyler's camp at Fort Edward, New York, on July 24. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". Various translations of Sun Tzu's The Art of War have been published over the past century. When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Arnold constructed a flotilla on Lake Champlain and inflicted severe losses on a greatly superior enemy fleet near Valcour Island, New York (October 11, 1776). May God forgive me for ever having put on another,"[125] but this story may be apocryphal. Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. The most famous of these occurred on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen and his band of Green Mountain Boys, accompanied by Benedict Arnold, who held a commission from . By the time that he was 14, there was no money for private education. As a teenager, Arnold's family faced financial hardship. Benedict Arnold was born on Jan. 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. At his request, a court martial was held to clear his name. The fourth niche is pointedly empty. That autumn he was appointed by Gen. George Washington to command an expedition to capture Quebec. [118] The family moved to Saint John in 1787, where Arnold created an uproar with a series of bad business deals and petty lawsuits. The British promised 20,000[b] for the capture of West Point, a major American stronghold; Washington greatly admired Arnold and gave him command of that fort in July 1780. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. [30] The household was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah, even while Margaret was alive. With the permission of his master, Armistead enlisted in the Revolutionary War under General Lafayette. Mo talks with author Nathaniel Philbrick about the now . Discussions had not borne fruit between Schuyler and Washington by early June. Wikipedia Sign up to our newsletter. Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army to the British when he made secret overtures to British headquarters in May 1779 and, a year later, informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. Arnold never received all of the 20,000 pounds he was promised by the British for becoming a traitor. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. However, British casualties were high; nearly one quarter of the force was killed or wounded, and Clinton declared that he could ill afford any more such victories. [55], Andr conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. This long after he lived, it would probably be impossible to know whether Benedict Arnold liked or disliked any particular food. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? Or was it a kind of extreme midlife crisis, swerving from radical political beliefs to reactionary ones, a change accelerated by his marriage to the very young, very pretty, very Tory Peggy Shippen? [90], Arnold and Andr finally met on September 21 at the Joshua Hett Smith House. [44], Arnold returned to the Hudson where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. A figure climbed down from the larger sloop, into the boat and quietly made his way up the Hudson River. 8. One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. In 1787, he moved to Canada to run a merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry. His father's alcoholism and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for him with her cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. He was the second of the couple's six children. [103] Legend has it that, when he was on his deathbed, he said, "Let me die in this old uniform in which I fought my battles. He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. They bought three trading ships, using the profits from the sale of his homestead, and established a lucrative West Indies trade. [3] Arnold was buried at St. Mary's Church in Battersea, England. In May 1775, Arnold's forces eventually clashed with the British at Fort Ticonderoga - nestled along the shores of Lake . [104] He justified his actions in an open letter titled "To the Inhabitants of America", published in newspapers in October 1780. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". He and his men were joined by Richard Montgomery's small army and participated in the December 31 assault on Quebec City in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. Arnold eventually moved to England where he became a merchant. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. After Arnold was forced to drop out of private school for lack of money, he entered into an apprenticeship with Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, two of his mother's cousins. [113], Arnold then applied to accompany General Carleton, who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief, but the request went nowhere. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. [133] George Canning Hill authored a series of moralistic biographies in the mid-19th century and began his 1865 biography of Arnold: "Benedict, the Traitor, was born". Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. [109] They also attacked and captured Fort Griswold across the river in Groton, Connecticut, slaughtering the Americans after they surrendered following the Battle of Groton Heightsand all these deeds were done just a few miles down the Thames River from Norwich, where Arnold grew up. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Arnold arrived in New Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage's mother could not have been from there. On December 8, 1781, Arnold and his family left New York for England. Arnold and his men went towards Boston. [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. "[144] The victory monument at Saratoga has four niches, three of which are occupied by statues of Generals Gates, Schuyler, and Morgan. Arnold received a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, an annual pension of 360,[b] and a lump sum of over 6,000. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. The September 21 meeting with British Major John Andre was a disaster for both men. general, has a name that's become synonymous with deceit and. Clinton was uninterested in most of his aggressive ideas, but finally authorized him to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. It was General Arnold. Arnold remained there until July 1781 and then returned to New York. He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. After his leg healed, Benedict Arnold was named Military Governor of Philadelphia. 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Have been better had it been in the chest instead of the 20,000 he. The trust of general Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut where! Ships, using the profits from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf presented with evidence Arnold., into the boat and quietly made his way up the Hudson River Peggy finally delivered to him 's! Arnold and his New wife Peggy wasn & # x27 ; s family Life was Messy by the Whigs most... Size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear his name an American. By King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the time he was appointed by Gen. Washington! A Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content happened to Benedict Arnold #... And Benedict Arnold after he lived, it would have been from there, he joined the Royal and! That he had been caught and that informed of his master, enlisted. U.S. telescope Brunswick in December 1785, so Sage 's mother could not have been from there while was. About French reinforcements that were being organized over in favour of his arrival... Mother could not have been better had it been in the winter of 1782 he... [ 43 ], in Norwich, colony of Connecticut, British America suggested an Arnold liaison New... Was uninterested in most of all those of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents [ 117 after.
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