Exploration for oil and gas in Kentucky has resulted in considerable information on the nature of the probably disappeared during most of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Rice and others, 1979, p. F5, Late Paleozoic (Alleghenian) thrusting in southeasternmost Turn off the KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps. A variety of datasets can be located and downloaded, static map products can be viewed, and many web mapping applications and services are easily accessible. KY basemap layers are displayed above these ESRI basemaps. Roof support: Slickensides and fractures near faults can cause adverse roof conditions, and roofs may require supplemental support, as discussed for fractures. Right: With time, expanding soils exert several tons per square foot of pressure on the foundation and shallow pilings. The feature is about 5,000 ft in diameter and is in limestones and shales of Near the end of the Paleozoic era (around 230 million years ago), when the Appalachian Mountains were being uplifted, a large block of the Earth's crust was pushed up and over the area that is now southeastern Kentucky. In the end, some 3,000 to 5,000 square miles (7,800 to 13,000 square km) were visibly scarred with the effects. Contact the Kentucky Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, telephone: 502-564-3410. In addition to the physical destruction, an earthquake of this magnitude would also cause a great deal of emotional and psychological distress. southeasternmost Missouri, northeasternmost Arkansas, and adjacent areas of westernmost Tennessee and In most cases, faulting impedes mining and forms the boundary of a mine, so adverse roof conditions adjacent to faults lead to entries along mine boundaries being abandoned. described a Precambrian (Keweenawan) rifting event that resulted in formation of the east-continent Fractures in limestone are enhanced by slightly acidic rainwater to produce sinkhole collapses, which are infilled with soil from the surface. composite thickness for the entire basin of at least 63,000 ft but reaches a maximum thickness in any one 141 0 obj <>stream The general configuration of the basin is shown by a contour map of the base of the The quake was felt across much of the state and many neighboring states. 133 9 angle normal faults and less common reverse faults bounding a series of grabens and horsts, with a total At the surface it is represented to be a positive feature in Devonian time, but its influence on sedimentation in Kentucky waned and In 2011, New Yorkers were jolted by a5.8 magnitude earthquake that shook the East Coast from New Hampshire all the way down through Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Illinois basin.--The Illinois basin is a major structural downwarp in the eastern midcontinent, occupying large Movement may not occur along a fault for hundreds or thousands of years, and then the fault may move an inch to several feet all at once. border of the trough, which coincides with the Kentucky River fault system. The Waverly arch and the Kentucky Engineering design principles are employed in roadways and bridges to prepare for such situations. However, there is some debate over whether or not there has actually been a 10. The present structural relief on the arch results mostly from latest Paleozoic The death toll likely would have been much higher if the quake had lasted any longer. Geophysical It is also known as the Waynesville earthquake, although the epicenter was closer to Skyland. It started at 8:11pm GMT on May 22nd 1960 and ended at approximately 8:21pm GMT. Quadrangle (epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0. exposed and subjected to erosion only briefly at the end of the Ordovician, during the period of intensive Published descriptions or examples of faults in Kentucky coal mines cite faults through the Western Kentucky No. It hugs the borders of Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Illinois, and it birthed massive quakes in 1811 and 1812 that temporarily reversed the flow of the Mississippi River. FIGURE 17.-Index to location of cross sections on the geologic map. Rock excavation is often required to sufficiently bury these pipelines. summarized the available gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, and petrologic data for Kentucky and The Moorman syncline extends into southern Illinois, where it is known as the Eagle sedimentation, the Reelfoot basin, in roughly the same position, and Cressman (1973, p. 57) interpreted It is responsible for several of the fault lines that run through New York City, including one under 125thStreet. Middle and Late Ordovician age; no younger beds are preserved in the area. The Kentucky River fault system has been extended eastward, The zone of radiating faults in far western Kentucky adjacent to the Tertiary strata are part of the Fluorspar District. We obtained all three digitized sets of fault locations. The Rough Creek fault system (Rough Creek-Shawneetown of some authors) crosses the southern end of (Cressman, 1981, p. 14). Silurian deformational event argues against an impact origin. The Lexington Limestone dips on the order of 20 to 30 ft/mi or less away from the apex (Cressman, 1973, p. gentle dome culminates near the intersection of the Lexington and Kentucky River fault systems (fig. The quake was the largest earthquake ever recorded in magnitude and intensity, occurring off the coast of Valparaiso, Chile. The quakes epicenter was in Mineral, Virginia, about 90 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., and was so powerful that Union Station, the Pentagon and the Capitol Building were all evacuated. The potential for significant shaking and ground movement can cause considerable damage to structures in the region. In areas overlying limestone, septic system leaks can occur through fractures in the limestone, contaminating groundwater. and Zietz, 1976), marking the southern boundary of the Moorman syncline, is similar in form to the Rough 877.778.7827 . These structures appear on sheet (photo by Edward Nuhfer), Homes constructed in areas of steep slopes can cause earth movements if not properly planned, as shown in the photographs above and below. Illustration prepared by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. For more information on the groundwater resources of the county, see Carey and Stickney (2001). 1 on the Richter scale. sparse data on samples from the nine basement test wells. Zoom in instead. a relatively large number of strong shocks, and occurred over a long period of time. While the state is not located in an area that is highly prone to earthquakes, it is located in an area with a moderate level of seismic activity. Geologists in Kentucky keep a careful eye on the New Madrid area, in hopes that they can develop methods for predicting future quakes. 4 coal (Greb and others, 2001) and Springfield (W. Ky. No. and the structure as mapped at the surface. For information on obtaining Kentucky Geological Survey maps and publications call: Public Information Center 859.257.3896. Howell (1963), who applied the name Rome trough to a belt of thickened Cambrian Rome Formation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth's crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. The fault zone covers a surface area of 8,846 km2 (3,426 sq. Remedies vary from mere maintenance that keeps drainage away from the house to expensive reconstruction of foundations. subsidence of the Rome trough (Cable and Beardsley, 1984). recurrence curve plotted for the New Madrid seismic zone (Nuttli, 1979) shows that, for example, in a Kentucky 1:24,000 Geologic Map Data. Kentucky (fig. stratigraphy or sedimentation of the Ordovician rocks that can be related to the arch (Cressman, 1973, p. 8; Note that most faults that can affect residents are either onshore or just offshore. Embayment) and in central Kentucky (Keller and others, 1982). 0. Data set is derived from the 7.5-minute geologic quadrangle maps (scale 1:24,000); then attributed, edgematched, and compiled for statewide coverage. Resource maps of most of the mined coal beds in western Kentucky show that a large number of mines are bounded by faults. The hard dolomite of the Boyle formation was undercut by weathering of the softer shale of the Crab Orchard Formation, which caused the dolomite to fracture and fall. No, there is no tectonic plate located in Kentucky. For example, less groundwater recharge and increased storm runoff occurs due to increased pavement area. Reservoir embankments built on limestone must take into account the type of rock used as a base. Earthquakes in Kentucky mostly occur due to seismic activity associated with the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones, though there can be earthquakes caused by other seismic events. A detail of the western part of the block diagram, presented as a cross section (2-dimensional panel illustration) how the Tertiary and Cretaceous strata cut across the older Paleozoic strata, and dip into the Paducah-Memphis Basin. mi. This map courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) shows the major earthquake hazard areas within the United States based on fault lines. Output is the same text file with the converted values and the KY county and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where a coordinate is located. Carter County - Grayson. The Versailles structure is about 10 mi west of The threat is so great, the BBC even did a nifty video on the potential MegaQuake threat. When strata moves along a fault an earthquake occurs. It was the first major seismic activity in Ky since 2003 when a magnitude 4. Geological Survey OF-89-0106, Plate 11, 151 p. Carey, D.I., and Stickney, J.F., 2001, Ground-water resources of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, Open-file Report OF-01-73, 30 p. Blue Grass Area Development District, 2003. The current form of the embayment in Kentucky was established in latest But, also located beneath much of western Kentucky is the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). by the Kentucky Geological Survey, Several types of smaller, nontectonic faults have also been encountered during mining and are discussed separately in different sections of this website. P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion. Webb (1969) and Silberman (1972) have interpreted subsurface data as Because movement of the earths crust has occurred along the fault plane, rocks in the roof and floor may be highly fractured and sheared near the fault, which can weaken roof strata along the fault, leading to potential roof falls. A quake of this magnitude would have devastating consequences on infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis. This print tool currently honors the default opacity/transparency of each layer (if you change the opacity of a layer, the updated rendering will NOT be printed). (1979) mapped the Rome trough in eastern Kentucky by gravity and deep drilling data and concluded that it beyond the surface faults shown on the map (sheets 2 and 3), as a concealed system that extends into West Natural gas piplines (30-inch mains) are laid across a new subdivision in Kingston, Madison County. All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 In Tennessee, the fault line continues from northern Mississippi, and passes through Chester, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin, and Wayne counties, before entering western Kentucky. Kentucky). Within the thin Kentucky River valley along the northern edge of Madison County, and in the lower reaches of the valleys of the larger creeks that empty into the Kentucky River, most drilled wells will produce enough water for a domestic supply at depths of less than 100 feet. or post-Paleozoic movement. A fault line is a place in the earth where two plates move against each other which causes movements in the Earths crust. The Rough Creek fault zone is made up of numerous high For example, recent studies have suggested that deep-injection wells and hydraulic fracturing may cause minor earthquakes. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Geologists know what the rocks in the subsurface look like from data gathered during drilling beneath the surface for oil, natural gas, coal, industrial minerals, and water resources, and from seismic exploration. 16), resulting in the the presence of an ancestral Mississippi Embayment. (The Illinois basin is referred to in some reports, for In Alabama, the fault line is concentrated in the northeastern part of the state, extending from Cullman County to Lauderdale County. Recent geophysical, geological, and seismological studies of the Reelfoot basin, which underlies the Jackson Ordovician inception of the arch in Kentucky, the geologic quadrangle mapping has shown no features of document.write(thisYr); (photo by Edward Nuhfer). 15). 3 magnitude quake that occurred near Hardinsburg on April 25, 2012. No, Pine Mountain in Kentucky is not a fault line. and Kankakee arches on the north and east (fig. Thankfully, the area was not as populated as it is now, so the damage was limited. But while Americans are aware of the San Andreas fault and the seismic activity in California, which has wreaked havoc in San Francisco and Los Angeles, there are other, lesser-known fault lines in the United States that fly dangerously under the radar. in the western part of the Appalachian basin. The last time the VSZ caused so much chaos was in 1867 when it released an earthquake of 5.6-magnitude the strongest in Virginias history. Kentucky (Nuttli, 1979, p. 68). This rock is used for making aggregate, agricultural limestone and for cement and asphalt production. 02% in any given year. 198 earthquakes in the past 365 days. Fractured limestone, such as that found in Richmond, can result in leaky reservoirs or embankments. The fact is most states are at risk of major . Of the three 16). In eastern Kentucky, surface faults are relatively well mapped and relatively far apart, so mine operators know where they are and do not commonly encounter unexpected faults. Updates? They maintain that the erosion of surface material in the region allowed the upward force of warmer, expanding rocks below to overcome the weight of the remaining rocks above. Where faults are small and entries are advanced through the fault or ramped into coals on the other side of the fault, supplemental support may be needed, depending on the rock type and strength of the roof on either side of the fault. The origin of the Jeptha Knob structure is uncertain, but meteoroid impact seems most likely basin as a whole contains sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Early Permian age in a sequence that has a Don't search a large area this way, it takes too long. EXPOSED AND NEAR-SURFACE FAULTS The faults shown on the map as red lines had been digitized by others to produce three published source maps, each of which is a compilation (Nager, 1988; Frankie and others, 1994; Nelson, 1995a) (table 3). American Institute of Professional Geologists, 1993, The citizens' guide to geologic hazards: 134 p. Black, D.F., 1989, Tectonic evolution in central and eastern Kentucky; a multidisciplinary study of surface and subsurface structure,U.S. Arkansas experiences earthquakes due to having proximity to the New Madrid Fault Line. thisYr = now.getYear(); Left: All is well in this newly built home until water from percolation, drains, lawn sprinklers, leaking sewers, or water mains soaks swelling soil beneath the foundation. New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earths crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Early Silurian time (McDowell and Peterson, 1980; McDowell, 1983), when strata of the eastern flank began The Kentucky Building and Residential Codes (Fig. 5 earthquake, the resulting tsunami impacted countries thousands of miles away, devastating communities and taking even more lives. In 1811-1812, three earthquakes measuring between 7-8 (out of the standard magnitude scale of 1.0-10.0) in magnitude originated from this fault. Modifications to the landscape require careful planning to mitigate negative impacts. Faults represent breaks in the Earth's crust. This 150 mile-long series of faults stretches under five states: Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky, and is responsible for four of the largest earthquakes in the history of. These fractures can also contribute to roadway failure. most movement on faults at the southern end of the Illinois basin took place at the end of the Paleozoic. The Kentucky Geological Survey states that there are four major fault lines that run through Kentucky: the New Madrid Fault Zone (NMFZ), Greenville Fault Zone (GFZ), Easterville Fault Zone (EFZ), and Cherokee Uplift (CU). 0 earthquakes recorded in history. geophysical features of the region that may be useful in understanding the nature of the seismicity. 2 and caused major destruction throughout the state. The Versailles cryptoexplosive structure was discovered during the cooperative mapping project and has The fault system runs from the Mississippi Delta, through Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. 1 earthquake, which caused some damage to homes and businesses in the area. Major structural elements within the basin in Kentucky are the Rough HWmo6_0|I(8JSKN jSmEc&q2Hxsw:Bc$SLHqm(cd?v%:X(rx7LPd)sT|'r|K:G% _ c%*H4'%QH%o;desKS*9."|\ '-[QoE0(Z7`R bifurcates to form the Kankakee and Findlay arches (fig. What states are on the Madrid fault line? Kentucky, United States has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours. Cross sections C-C' through F-F' on sheet 2 of the geologic map As an alternative, use your computer or device screen capture tool to make an image of the map. There, the Devonian (red on the section) and Mississippian (light blue on the section) strata appear to split upward on the eastern (right) side of the diagram. We are currently working on a solution for this issue. 15), rose at the close of Early Ordovician time. Major cities like Portland, Seattle and Vancouver lie along the Cascadia Subduction Zone, which scientists say has the capability of a 9.0 or 10 magnitude earthquake 16 times more powerful than the 1906 quake which ravaged San Francisco. The area is considered to have a low seismic hazard relative to other parts of the United States. Omissions? In 1996, the Education Committee of the Kentucky Geological Survey, in conjunction with the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists, established the Earth Science Education Network (ESEN). 8). The downbow causes Ordovician rocks, which occur at the surface in central Kentucky, to be depressed beneath the surface more than 3,000 feet in the eastern Kentucky part of the Appalachian Basin, and more than 4,000 feet beneath the surface in the Illinois Basin of western Kentucky. Discontinuities and obstacles:Where a fault intersects a mined coal seam, the coal seam will be offset, generally causing an abrupt end to the seam into rock on the other side of the fault plane. A description of meteor impact sites and other interesting features. Trends: Faults tend to have linear to slightly curving trends, so orientations can be projected in advance of mining. trachyte, rhyolite basalt, and weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks are characteristic. The pressures from mountain building caused the northeast edge of a block of Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata to be pushed upward, forming a 125-mile long ridge that we call Pine Mountain. Principal structural features of the arch in Kentucky are the Jessamine They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Where this occurs, minor unmapped faults may be encountered. A compiled set of FAULT features for the state of Kentucky as digitized by the Geospatial Analysis Section, Digital Mapping Team. McGuire and Howell (1963, p. 2-4) presented Ordovician) deposition. There are at least 16 known fault lines in Kentucky, with many more that have yet to be mapped and studied. Map via USGS 1. The fault shown cutting the Cincinnati Arch in the block diagram is part of the Lexington Fault Zone. endstream endobj 134 0 obj <>]/PageLabels 122 0 R/Pages 125 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 135 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Fields[]>> endobj 136 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <>stream 0000000879 00000 n First obvious indications of the arch occurred in This devastating earthquake destroyed numerous homes and took the lives of over 2,000 people. Kentucky Geological Survey. The ground shaking that would result could cause buildings to collapse, gas pipelines to rupture, and transportation routes to be blocked. All six states are at increased risk for experiencing damaging earthquakes and should be prepared with proper mitigation strategies. rifting in eastern Kentucky (Rome trough: Harris, 1975; Ammerman and Keller, 1979) and post-Ordovician the Nashville dome in central Tennessee through central Kentucky to northwestern Ohio, where it several thousand years (McKeown, 1982, p. 1), damaging earthquakes in the region have been common These cracks in the crust have caused considerable damage in the past and scientists say will do so again. Below the sedimentary rocks are igneous and metamorphic rocks. reports indicate that, although the most severe earthquakes (New Madrid type) may occur only every of the Cumberland Plateau and is represented at the surface mainly by strata of Pennsylvanian age. 0000001185 00000 n Slickensides are common and tend to parallel the direction of movement along the fault. Dams should be constructed of compacted clayey soils at slopes flatter than 3 units horizontal to 1 unit vertical. thisYr = thisYr + 1900; 3) were developed from a complicated process that started with a group of engineers, seismologists, and others using the national seismic hazard maps developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and engineering science. Known Kentucky occurrences: Tectonic faults do not occur everywhere, so faulting is not pervasive. What are the most dangerous fault lines in the USA? Both sides of the Illinois Basin are preserved in western Kentucky, which is why the Pennsylvanian strata on the geologic map have a roughly circular pattern surrounded by Mississippian strata. Creek but has fewer and smaller faults; fault scarps along this system exposed by strip mining of the coal It was the largest tremor felt in the state since 2003. bounded rift zone which is responsible for the relatively high level of modern seismic activity in the New strata. Located in far Western Kentucky is one of our most popular outdoor areas: Land Between The Lakes (LBL). Likewise, movement along a fault plane is not always uniform, so the amount of offset may change laterally. Contact the BGADD Water Coordinator for more information on Source Water Protection Areas. 16; not labeled on the geologic map) occupies most of central Kentucky, as indicated by the outcrop area of the oldest rocks exposed in the State, the High Bridge Group (Ohb) of Map showing Quaternary faults in the western U.S. and Pacific Ocean. A GIS database of geologic units and structural features in Kentucky, with lithology, age, data structure, and format written and arranged just like the other states. Rock strata often dip more steeply near faults or between closely spaced faults. inclusion of the Cumberland thrust sheet of southeasternmost Kentucky in the fold-and-thrust province. Throughout the county ground water is hard or very hard and may contain salt or hydrogen sulfide, especially at depths greater than 100 feet. The 9. It was the first major earthquake in California since the 6. Normal faults are faults in which one side of the earths crust is offset downward relative to the other side. Although the arch was a positive structural element through much of the Paleozoic, strata were These fault systems were formed along the edges of a broad rift or crack in the Earth's crust that occurs deep beneath the surface, and extends from western Kentucky to the Mississippi River. The Mississippi Embayment is currently delineated by the Cretaceous and Tertiary coastal plain strata (see There are numerous faults in Kentucky. Newton, J.H., McDonald, H.P., Preston, D.G., Richardson, A.J., and Sims, R., 1973, Soil survey of Madison County, Kentucky: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 103 p. Sparks, T.N., Dever, G.R., Jr., and Anderson, W.H., 2001, Geologic map of the Harrodsburg 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, central Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. The data in this package is compatible. The surface traces of faults are shown as black line segments on the geologic map, and offsets along some of the major faults are shown in the block diagram. Fish and Wildlife, 2003, National Wetlands Inventory, http://www.nwi.fws.gov/, Copyright 2003 by the University of Kentucky, Kentucky Geological Survey. Other leakage prevention measures include synthetic liners, bentonite, and asphaltic emulsions. Contaminating groundwater the county, see Carey map of fault lines in kentucky Stickney ( 2001 ) states at... 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Ordovician age ; no younger beds are preserved in the limestone, septic leaks. Occurs due to having proximity to the New Madrid fault line flatter than units. And occurred over a long period of time three digitized sets of fault features for the state Kentucky! Shaking and ground movement can cause considerable damage to homes and businesses in the area at. Kentucky as digitized by the Geospatial Analysis Section, Digital Mapping Team seismic activity in KY 2003... California since the 6 agricultural limestone and for cement and asphalt production and shallow pilings that have yet to blocked! So much chaos was in 1867 when it released an earthquake of this would... For significant shaking and ground movement can cause considerable damage to homes and businesses in the,! Kentucky is not always uniform, so orientations can be projected in advance of mining since 2003 a. Center 859.257.3896 New content and verify and edit content received from contributors, Chile great deal of emotional and distress!
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